bachelor of architecture '10

Alumnus drawn to socially responsible architecture, remote locales

Imagine building a school where all the construction materials must fit on a bicycle. Imagine building without conventional lumber, concrete, or power tools — or, for that matter, no skilled labor, electric service, or running water. Imagine needing to explain even basic drawings to carpenters and masons unfamiliar with construction documents. Imagine having to do that decoding in French.

Now imagine three plane trips followed by five hours on a motorcycle to get to the building site — and realizing you just need to live there. For a year. To make this school happen. In a rainforest that alternates between pounding rain and oppressive heat, and where the day-to-day needs you’re accustomed to are scant.

Now stop imagining, and get to know Andrew Brose, BArch ’10, who willingly lived that year in the rural African village of Ilima while overseeing the building project, which was the community’s first school and, at 10,000 square feet, the largest structure many residents had ever seen.

The project won Brose and his team a 2016 global award for Excellence in Public Interest Design from Design Corps and the Social Economic Environmental Design (SEED) Network.

The annual SFI conference, which began in 2000, “brings together and shares the best ideas and practices that are reaching those currently un-served by architecture,” the award stated. “However, MASS went further … to identify specific and granular needs by participating in a full research immersion prior to the start of the project. MASS’s pre-design immersion included direct observation, individual interviews with community members, and focus groups with the youth. This immersion affirmed the grave need and desire for a conservation related educational facility in the area.” MASS received a $1,000 honorarium for its work and SEED flew Brose from Africa to North Carolina to personally accept the award in March.

Ilima lies in the Congo Basin, a region of rainforests, rivers, and wetlands. Years of civil war forced Ilima’s residents — farmers and hunters — to view their environment as a resource to extract a living from more than as a treasure to conserve for future generations of humans and animals and plant systems. They hunted bush meat and engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture to survive.

Above: Reaching Ilima takes three plane trips and five hours on a motorcycle. The school Andrew Brose helped design and build is the community’s first school and, at 10,000 square feet, the largest structure many residents had ever seen. For their design of the school, Brose and his employer, MASS, accepted a 2016 global award for Excellence in Public Interest Design from Design Corps and the Social Economic Environmental Design (SEED) Network. Photo by Thatcher Bean.

The African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) sought to expand residents’ perspectives by proposing an exchange: AWF would build a primary school in the village — and teach masonry and carpentry skills during the process — if residents promised to stop poaching endangered species and end destructive agricultural practices on surrounding lands.

This was a monumental proposition for long-term environmental protection, because the “surrounding land” comprises a mind-boggling 600,000 acres. The village, eager to educate its children, agreed to the exchange.

African Wildlife Foundation asked Brose’s employer, MASS Design Group, a Boston-based nonprofit architecture firm, to design and build the Ilima Primary School. When the request came, Brose, who had moved to Rwanda in 2010, was working for MASS in its Kigali office.

“AWF had approached MASS about designing a number of schools within wildlife reserves and migration corridors, with the intention of improving the conditions of rural schools and teaching young people the importance of conservation of their natural resources,” Brose said in a series of email interviews, first from Congo and later from Rwanda.

“AWF realized that education is critical to fostering stewardship and that schools are an essential approach to resolving the conflict of ecosystems. That’s why it started the African Conservation Schools program.”

MASS started working with the African Wildlife Foundation on the design of the Ilima School in April 2013. Brose moved to the village in December 2013.

Above: Ilima Primary School serves as both a school and community center. The African Wildlife Foundation agreed to build the school if residents promised to help protect surrounding land from poaching and slash-and-burn agricultural. In bestowing its award for the school project, SEED recognized MASS for addressing the issues of “education; strengthening community; environmental sustainability; preservation of nature; preservation of wildlife.” Photo by Andrew Brose

The school was completed in March 2015. The 2016 SEED award was presented March 19, 2016, at the Structures for Inclusion annual conference, which aims to “share the best ideas and practices that are reaching those currently un-served by architecture.”

Brose brought a uniquely perfect set of skills to the task.

“I was asked to manage the design and construction of the Ilima school because I had already spent a number of years on projects in East Africa, speak French, and have an interest in context-appropriate design solutions for extremely remote environments,” Brose said.

MASS couldn’t have hired a more appropriate person. When Brose was 15, his family moved from Bend, Oregon, to East Africa for his father’s work with a faith-based NGO based out of Maryland. Brose attended Rift Valley Academy in Kenya, an international boarding school where he played sports and received an “American, college-prep education,” as he puts it, that included fluency in French.

Above: Apart from a small amount of materials that came by boat from Kinshasa, most building supplies, including the wood, came solely from locations reachable on foot or bike. Photo by Rachel Brose.

In 2005, an internship with World Relief in Burundi as a college freshman spurred his desire to work in “regions of extreme challenge,” he said. His internship involved “distributing building materials to refugees as they returned after the war. I witnessed communities rallying behind families to help with rebuilding their homes, and was excited at how little could be done with a few bags of nails and some adobe brick.

But at the same time, I saw a great need for some basic upgrades to these modest dwellings.”

With that in mind, during his final year at UO he contacted design firms active in communities facing environmental or economic hardship, eventually discovering work being done by the young group of architects at MASS.

Although Brose’s years in East Africa had given him a good understanding of cultural and business differences there, living in Ilima took life challenges to a different level even for him. Other than a few small solar panels, the village had no electricity, and water came only from springs and forest streams. The toughest aspects of day-to-day living, he said, were limited food choices, no electric power, lack of privacy, an unstable political situation, health challenges (he contracted malaria for the first time since moving to East Africa), and battling rural stereotypes about foreigners.

Above: Beams were fashioned from hand felling trees, often five and six feet in diameter. Brose, at right, helps roll the log to where it will be sawn into lumber. Photo by Rachel Brose.

Brose’s wife, Rachel, MASS Operations and Media manager during the Ilima project, accompanied him to Ilima to track construction and photographically document each step. While having her there helped him fight feelings of isolation, becoming part of the community was still a challenge. And it wasn’t just that he was American; even his two architecture and design interns, young Africans from the capital city of Kinshasa, struggled to connect easily with locals in the remote village. Time helped. Each brick and plank that brought the school closer to completion helped.

The building was designed to serve both as school and community center. The design features two back-to-back arcs facing opposite directions. Three classrooms and a library occupy one section and three classrooms and administration space comprise the second section.

Apart from a small supply of materials that came by boat from Kinshasa, most building supplies came solely from locations reachable on foot or bike. Bricks were made from sand and clay taken from termite mounds; the bricks were stacked into walls then slathered with boiled palm oil for water resistance. Hand-cut African Padauk wood shingles sheath the roof, suspended over an open space above the walls to allow breezes to cool the interior. Beams were fashioned from hand felling trees, often five- and six-feet in diameter, then cutting planks using six-foot-long manual cross-cut saws positioned vertically on log scaffolding ten feet above ground.

Above: Planks for beams were sawn using two-meter-long manual cross-cut saws positioned vertically on log scaffolding ten feet above ground. Photo by Rachel Brose.

Critical to choosing materials was understanding that as the building aged, any repairs would need to be done with locally sourced materials, which meant that options such as a metal roof were out.

“If you building something using all imported materials, what happens when that tin eventually rusts out, when that steel is failing, when that concrete falls apart? It will erode and it will turn into a ruin,” Brose said in a video MASS made of the project.

“Where usually we’d go to a lumberyard and get kiln-dried lumber, for this project a couple of guys with axes spent half a day cutting a tree down,” Brose says in the video. “The guys on site are adapting, finding new techniques. The buildings [are] growing up from the ground. … As an architect, it’s one of the most pure, exciting things you can do.”

The building process was informed by “asking the right questions” of the local masons and carpenters and collaborating on the best solutions, Brose said. That also helped villagers gain a sense of ownership and sustainability.

Those are key motivations for MASS, whose website states that “exceptional buildings and infrastructure can actually address the health, economic, and social challenges the world faces today. … We design beautiful buildings that deliver dignity, improve health and well-being, and have the greatest positive impact in the communities they serve.”

Above: Brose lived in the village for a year to oversee the project. Here he works with residents to decide which wood will be used where. Photo by Rachel Brose.

The Ilima project defined a passion that Brose brought with him to the University of Oregon, and that his time at UO clarified as socially responsible design.

“I took a seminar with [architecture Professor] Howard Davis about creating places of memory after violent or climatic events. From both the visiting lecturers and the topics of discussion during the course, I became very interested in studying more about the social value of building in economically lean communities as well as the value of great design in places that have incredible, painful stories of their own,” Brose said.

“It was a large shift in my thinking about the architect’s role in poorer countries being solely to provide affordable housing or brutally direct solutions to disaster scenarios. At MASS we are combating the idea that beautiful, well-designed places are just a privilege for a minority of the world’s population. I really first started understanding this during my time with Professor Davis during that seminar.” 

Davis said of Brose, “His present work in Africa is not a surprise at all, and I know that he is representing the ideals of A&AA very well. Andrew was a unique undergraduate in that he had a very strong sense of social purpose in architecture from almost the beginning of his studies. My impression was that as an undergraduate he already had his mind focused on the idea of ‘doing good’ with his architectural education, and using it to help people who were ill-served by the profession or otherwise vulnerable in different ways. He was … entrepreneurial, making connections with people who were doing significant work from a social point of view.”

Above: Andrew and his team check wall levels during the project. Photo by Rachel Brose.

Brose also lauded A&AA’s student run design-build group, designBridge, for helping steer his professional course toward socially responsible architecture.

“designBridge taught me a great deal about solving design problems on the ground, taking advantage of resources within the community, and the joy of seeing something you've drawn, however small, take shape over time. During my time at Oregon there were also a number of other students in the MArch and BArch programs who were very interested in socially responsible architecture. Many of our conversations and ideas that came out of these friendships spurred me on to look for organizations that were doing this kind of work.” 

Juli Brode, former designBridge advisor, said she appreciated Brose for “his ability to listen and then to discuss and move into action with clear focus and intention. He was able to think things through, and perhaps working this way brought out the best of his many skills and showed him what he might be capable of.”

What Brose “might be capable of” doing appears limitless, partly because he knows what he wants and isn’t afraid to wait for it. 

“I graduated during a time when jobs in architecture offices were very scarce. I had a couple of local offers which I had turned down after leaving UO in the hopes of working with a design group like MASS,” he said.

“In school we were told that architecture is not just about the building process or drawing production and involves very high-level critical thinking and problem-solving, which could be applied to many jobs in other sectors,” Brose said. “I know many of the others who graduated the same time as me have gone into jobs that don't necessarily directly align with their degree. I have been fortunate to do really exciting work with an organization driving to effect the most change for good through architecture.”

 

Above: Ilima residents dig sand and clay from a termite mound for use in making bricks. Photo by Rachel Brose

Above: Hand-made bricks dry in the sun. After being stacked into walls, the bricks were slathered with boiled palm oil for water resistance. Photo by Rachel Brose.

Above: A young Ilima resident concentrates on his lessons. “Making a living in the jungles of [Congo] often entails cutting down trees for charcoal or hunting and selling bush-meat,” the SEED award noted. “To combat this, the Ilima school targets the primary school level and provides conservation education curricula and supplemental training to teachers to ensure students receive a sound educational foundation.” Photo by Rachel Brose.

CNN featured the Ilima project in a story January 2015, and Architectural Review reported on it in September 2015. The Chronicle of Philanthropy wrote about the project in November 2014. Designboom covered the story May 27, 2015.